La Responsabilità Medica in ambito sanitario è certamente una tematica di attualità anche sotto il profilo del consenso.
La recente sentenza della Cassazione Civile n. 17806/2020 richiama la tematica del Consenso Informato al trattamento sanitario.
La Corte di Cassazione infatti ha stabilito che per ottenere il risarcimento danni è sufficiente che il paziente provi che non si sarebbe sottoposto al trattamento se avesse conosciuto la gravità e l’invasività del trattamento stesso.
Diritto alla salute e Consenso
Come sancito dalla Costituzione ai sensi dell’art 32 “Nessuno può essere obbligato ad un determinato trattamento sanitario se non per disposizione di legge. La legge non può in nessun caso violare i limiti imposti dal rispetto della persona umana.”
Da questo si evince quello che viene definito principio di Autodeterminazione per cui nessun trattamento sanitario può essere compiuto o proseguito in difetto del previo ed esplicito consenso manifestato dal soggetto interessato.
Il paziente dovrà decidere in piena coscienza e libertà se sottoporsi o meno alle cure, quindi rifiutare le terapie o eventualmente sospenderle.
La vicenda in analisi è il caso di una donna che conveniva in giudizio l’Azienda Ospedaliera, l’angiologo e il radiologo per ottenere il risarcimento dei danni subiti a seguito di un’ ischemia che l’aveva colpita durante un esame angiografico, esame della cui invasività non era stata correttamente informata.
Presupposti
Quali sono i presupposti per cui il paziente possa autodeterminarsi ?.
Il primo consiste nell’assumere scelte che siano consapevoli attraverso la corretta informazione (cd. Consenso Informato) che deve essere fornita da parte del medico al paziente sul trattamento sanitario, sugli eventuali rischi connessi e le eventuali alternative possibili.
Solo in questo modo il soggetto è in grado di costruire un proprio parere libero (e quindi revocabile) e consapevole e, dunque, di scegliere se sottoporsi al trattamento o rifiutarlo.
Il medico nel fornire l’informativa non potrà prescindere dal livello culturale e dalle capacità di comprensione del singolo individuo avendo quindi cura di usare un linguaggio semplice e accessibile.
Il paziente ha diritto di chiedere e ricevere informazioni più dettagliate, oppure può scegliere di non essere informato o delegare una terza persona a ricevere le informazioni ed esprimere il consenso.
Inoltre il soggetto deve esprimere personalmente il consenso.
Il consenso è un atto personalissimo, che può essere delegato solo in casi eccezionali.
Le fattispecie per cui la legge prevede che il consenso possa essere delegato è il caso che concerne i minori di età, i quali non hanno la capacità di agire e il maggiorenne legalmente interdetto il quale non è in grado di comprendere appieno il significato delle attività messe in atto.
L’unica deroga prevista è prevista in ragione di una situazione di urgenza. Per cui “se il consenso appropriato non può essere ottenuto si potrà procedere immediatamente a qualsiasi intervento medico indispensabile per il beneficio della salute della persona interessata”.
Solo il sanitario quindi, dopo aver valutato la necessità e l’urgenza dell’intervento diretto a prevenire un danno grave alla persona, potrà procedere al trattamento terapeutico anche in assenza di consenso, ove per assenza si fa riferimento all’incapacità naturale del soggetto di prestare consenso all’atto sanitario.
In caso contrario, il medico dovrà desistere dall’effettuare qualsiasi trattamento sanitario senza il consenso del paziente stesso.
Conseguenze dell’omessa o insufficiente informazione
L’eventuale violazione di queste disposizioni da parte del medico e della sua equipe può causare diverse tipologie di danni.
E’ configurabile un danno alla salute risarcibile, sia in capo al medico che alla struttura sanitaria, quando sia ragionevole ritenere che il paziente, sul quale grava il relativo onere probatorio, se correttamente informato, avrebbe rifiutato di sottoporsi all’intervento.
Puo’ essere configurato un danno da lesione del diritto all’autodeterminazione, solo nel caso in cui, a causa del deficit informativo, il paziente abbia subito un pregiudizio, patrimoniale oppure non patrimoniale, e in tale ultimo caso di apprezzabile gravità, diverso dalla lesione del diritto alla salute.
Nel caso in cui l’omessa o insufficiente informazione sia in relazione ad un intervento con danno alla salute, a causa della condotta colposa del medico, a cui il paziente avrebbe in ogni caso scelto di sottoporsi alle medesime condizioni, al paziente spetterà il risarcimento del solo danno alla salute, nella componente morale e relazionale.
Nel caso in cui invece l’ omessa o insufficiente informazione sia in relazione ad un intervento con danno alla salute a causa della condotta colposa del medico, a cui il paziente avrebbe scelto di non sottoporsi, dovrà essere risarcito al paziente non solo il danno alla salute ma anche il danno derivante dalla violazione del diritto di autodeterminazione.
Una ulteriore ipotesi si potrebbe verificare quando l’omessa informazione relativa ad un intervento che abbia cagionato danno alla salute a causa di una condotta non colposa del medico, cui il paziente avrebbe scelto di non sottoporsi.
In questo caso il risarcimento dovrà essere liquidato con riferimento alla violazione del diritto all’autodeterminazione, mentre la lesione della salute sarà valutata in relazione al “differenziale” tra il maggiore danno biologico conseguente all’intervento e il preesistente stato patologico invalidante.
Infine se l’omissione/inadeguatezza diagnostica che non abbia cagionato un danno alla salute ma abbia impedito di accedere a più accurati e attendibili accertamenti, il danno da lesione del diritto alla autodeterminazione sarà risarcibile qualora il paziente alleghi che dall’insufficiente informazione siano derivate conseguenze dannose.
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